For example, Jones et al. Seligman also believed that the passivity and lack of initiative these dogs demonstrated was similar to that observed in human depression. This is because no single strategy is consistently and maximally adaptive (Bonanno and Burton, 2013; Kato, 2015e; Stange et al., 2017). Behav. Psychotherapy: Definition, Types, Efficacy - Verywell Mind It is possible that individuals who have experienced chronic stress or have frequently been exposed to various stressors might have poorer coping flexibility. According to the guidelines suggested by Hu and Bentler (1999), the following criteria for evaluating goodness of fit were adopted: comparative fit index (CFI) and Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) values of 0.95 or greater, standardized root-mean-square residual (SRMR) values of 0.08 or lower, and root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) values of 0.06 to 0.08. Health 6:e11401. In this study, the Cronbachs alphas were 0.87 for abandonment, 0.91 for re-coping, and 0.78 for meta-coping. In addition, longitudinal studies of British civil servants have found that those in low-status jobs (e.g., clerical and office support staff) in which the degree of control over the job is minimal are considerably more likely to develop heart disease than those with high-status jobs or considerable control over their jobs (Marmot, Bosma, Hemingway, & Stansfeld, 1997). A., Tomaka, J., and Wiebe, J. S. (2002). Reversed item bias: an integrative model. C) prevent the release of lymphocytes. Since the time of that study, social support has emerged as one of the well-documented psychosocial factors affecting health outcomes (Uchino, 2009). Knowledge of cognition refers to ones awareness of thought processes, such as declarative, procedural, and conditional knowledge; regulation of cognition refers to ones planning, information management, monitoring, debugging, and evaluation of these processes (Schraw and Dennison, 1994). The CFS-R and the CES-D instruments were the same as used in Study 2. Biobehav. Coping refers to a variety of methods used to A) receive biofeedback. D) reduce stress. Participants rated each item on a seven-point Likert-type scale (0 = totally disagree to 6 = totally agree); higher scores indicate higher social desirability. Moreover, the CFS has two reversed items, which may produce reversed item bias (Weijters et al., 2013). Res. J. Nerv. Coping with Stress Mood and coping flexibility in a group of adolescents using marijuana. For example, suppose a coworker shows up late to work; your belief as to what caused the coworkers tardiness would be an attribution (e.g., too much traffic, slept too late, or just doesnt care about being on time). Front. The translated version of the GDRS was used to measure goal disengagement (four items) and goal reengagement (six items). If meta-coping works appropriately, this cycle will repeat itself when the individual appraises the coping outcomes as undesirable. Basiska, M. A. If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, By contrast, the correlations between the re-coping score and adaptive coping, accommodative coping, cognitive flexibility, versatility, and goal reengagement scores were higher than those between the abandonment score and these same variables. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses predicting depressive symptoms on at Wave 2 in Step 3 in Study 3 (n = 228, Sample 9). People can adapt to acculturation in four ways: assimilation, integration, segregation, and marginalization. The Cronbachs alphas were 0.84 to 0.89 for abandonment, 0.84 to 0.92 for re-coping, and 0.73 to 0.82 for meta-coping (details of these analyses are shown in the Supplementary Materials). In Step 2 all interactions between a perceived controllability score and scores for the three coping types were non-significant; however, emotion-focused coping was associated with lower depressive symptoms when perceived controllability score was low ( = 0.35, p = 0.063). then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. Effects of coping flexibility in young women on depressive symptoms during chronic pain. In a certain sense, emotion-focused coping can be thought of as treating the symptoms rather than the actual cause. Seligmans learned helplessness experiments with dogs used an apparatus that measured when the animals would move from a floor delivering shocks to one without. For example, a meta-analysis (Penley et al., 2002) on the efficacy of 11 typical coping strategies found that problem-focused coping was non-significantly correlated with psychological stress in both controllable (r = 0.03, CI [0.08, 0.13], k = 6, n = 400) and uncontrollable (r = 0.01, CI [0.09, 0.01], k = 6, n = 435) situations, whereas escape-avoidance coping was significantly correlated with psychological stress in both controllable (r = 0.23, CI [0.10, 0.36], k = 4, n = 252) and uncontrollable (r = 0.23, CI [0.12, 0.35], k = 4, n = 309) situations. consent of Rice University. Anxiety Stress Coping doi: 10.1080/10615806.2020.1795139 [Epub ahead of print]. For example, some flexibility researchers (Bonanno and Burton, 2013; Sheppes et al., 2015) have highlighted the importance of a process that monitors and provides feed-back on the outcomes of a strategyas a component of flexibilityto help individuals discontinue the use of a maladaptive strategy, hence allowing the switch to a new strategy. The dual-process theory of coping flexibility (Kato, 2012, 2015e; hereinafter the dual-process theory) differs from existing approaches to coping flexibility and approaches to flexibility in other areas. Coping Styles Lazarus and Folkman (1984) distinguished two fundamental kinds of coping: problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping. Those who had previously indicated that they lacked social and community ties were more likely to die during the follow-up period than those with more extensive social networks. Major depressive disorder is associated with broad impairments on neuropsychological measures of executive function: a meta-analysis and review. Frontiers | Examining Academics' Strategies for Coping With Stress and Before administering the web-based survey, a pre-survey was conducted with 1,135 Japanese college students, and this sample was called Sample 0. The need to form and maintain strong, stable relationships with others is a powerful, pervasive, and fundamental human motive (Baumeister & Leary, 1995). Conversely, when perceiving as uncontrollable, higher use of problem-focused coping indicates poor coping fitness, whereas higher uses of emotion-focused or avoidance coping indicates greater coping fitness. You may alternate between several of the above coping strategies in order to cope with a stressful event. Coping flexibility is generally defined as ones ability to modify ones coping strategies adaptively to meet the demands of different stressful situations (Kato, 2012). In all studies and instruments, all instructions items were provided in the Japanese language. First, we performed a parallel analysis (PA) with the 95th percentile eigenvalues for 1,000 random data sets and a minimum average partial (MAP) to determine the number of factors for the scale, utilizing data collected from Sample 0. Assessing metacognitive awareness. According to the researchers, the magnitude of the effect of social support observed in this study is comparable with quitting smoking and exceeded many well-known risk factors for mortality, such as obesity and physical inactivity (Figure 14.23). Descriptive statistics of the Coping Flexibility Scale-Revised items and subscales and factor loadings of Sample 1 (n = 4,000) in Study 1. (2019) conducted a study with a college student sample and applied mindfulness mediation training to them; after 14 days of training, they found that coping flexibility (as defined by the dual process theory) of the intervention group increased to a greater extent than that of the control group. doi: 10.1037/a0037913, Cheng, C., Sun, P., and Mak, K. (2015). Although our study has some limitations, the validity and reliability of the CFS-R were demonstrated, and the CFH was supported in our samples by using the CFS-R. Psychol. Citation numbers are available from Dimensions. The CFH based on the dual-process theory has been supported by studies conducted in multiple countries: the United States (Kato, 2015d; Southward and Cheavens, 2017; Jones et al., 2019), the United Kingdom (Reed, 2016), Poland (Basiska, 2015; Kruczek, 2017), Australia (Kato, 2015d), China (Kato, 2015d; Dang et al., 2019), Hong Kong (Ng et al., 2014; Cheng et al., 2015), Japan (Kato, 2012, 2015f, 2016b, 2017a,b, 2020; Kato et al., 2019), India (Kato, 2016b; Mejia-Downs, 2020), Malaysia (Wan Mohd Yunus et al., 2019), and Israel (Ritsner and Ratner, 2006). doi: 10.1002/smi.2557, Kato, T. (2015d). Thence, when psychologically and physically responding to stressors, a richer coping flexibility tends to produce more adaptive outcomes (Lazarus, 1999; Cheng et al., 2014); this understanding is referred to as the coping flexibility hypothesis (CFH; Kato, 2012). A study performed with a college student sample (Kato, 2012) showed that the Cronbachs alphas for the Japanese version were 0.73 for self-deception and 0.74 for impression management. Creative Commons Attribution License Sci. A number of large-scale studies have found that individuals with low levels of social support are at greater risk of mortality, especially from cardiovascular disorders (Brummett et al., 2001). Coping refers to a variety of methods used to: B) inhibit learned helplessness. Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor is known as A) mindfulness meditation. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2017.36.2.142, Stange, J. P., Alloy, L. B., and Fresco, D. M. (2017). Abandonment and re-coping scores were non-significantly correlated with socially desirable responding scores. Problem-focused coping aims to eliminate or change the source of your stress, while emotion-focused coping helps you change the way you react to your stressors. (credit a: modification of work by "Damian Gadal_Flickr"/Flickr; credit b: modification of work by Christian Haugen), Stress reduction techniques may include (a) exercise, (b) meditation and relaxation, or (c) biofeedback. These comparisons between the correlations were conducted to estimate the discriminant validity of the CFS-R subscales. This project was supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. Coping is to deal with and overcome struggles and difficulties in life. Kato, T. (2020). Training in healthy attribution habits has been shown to make people less vulnerable to depression (Konnikova, 2015). The psychological coping mechanisms are commonly termed coping strategies or coping skills. Int. Participants were required to rate the extent to which each item applied to them based on a four-point scale (0 = not applicable, 1 = somewhat applicable, 2 = applicable, 3 = very applicable). prevent the release of lymphocytes. Coping with workplace interpersonal stress among Japanese employees. New York, NY: Springer. Thus, the hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted separately, that is, coping strategies, repertoire, and fitness scores were not entered together with other scores. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. . The sample comprised of educated adults from various professions working in the twin cities Rawalpindi . A CFA showed that the CFS-R could appropriately use three subscales. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. As people in marginalized groups experience repeated discrimination, they develop a heightened reactivity as their bodies prepare to act quickly (resistance stage). 13, 1538. The limitation is that the CFS cannot measure the abandonment-re-coping cycle, which is related to the perseveration on a failed strategy, because it cannot distinguish between abandonment and re-coping processes. In one classic study, nearly 7,000 Alameda County, California, residents were followed over 9 years. are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written 1. For example, the stress you experience when a loved one dies can be overwhelming. JMIR Ment. The Japanese version (Kato, 2016a) of the AAQ-II (seven-item) was used to measure this variable. In one study, 334 participants completed questionnaires assessing their sociability; these individuals were subsequently exposed to a virus that causes a common cold and monitored for several weeks to see who became ill. However, discrimination tends to be a chronic stressor. Regulating Stress | Introduction to Psychology - Lumen Learning These efforts may include avoiding, minimizing, or distancing oneself from the problem, or positive comparisons with others (Im not as bad off as she is), or seeking something positive in a negative event (Now that Ive been fired, I can sleep in for a few days). Clin. The CFS-R was developed based on perspectivesincluding that proposed by the dual-process theorythat differ from those of conventional coping research and other approaches toward coping flexibility. Alcohol. If Bradford adopts a problem-focused coping approach to managing his stress, he would be proactive in trying to alleviate the source of the stress. Aging 5, 5867. In problem-focused coping, one attempts to manage or alter the problem that is causing one to experience stress (i.e., the stressor). Rearranged things so your problem could be solved (PS) 3. Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. Development of the coping flexibility scale: evidence for the coping flexibility hypothesis. Therefore, it is more universal . However, merely changing a strategy according to a stressful situation or time does not always lead to more adaptive outcomes (Cheng et al., 2014; Kato, 2015a). Self-deception reflects the tendency to provide self-reports that are honest but favorable toward the self-descriptions; impression management refers to the tendency to dissimulate by providing positive self-descriptions. Vigilant antidiscrimination efforts, including the development of legal protections for vulnerable groups, are needed to reduce discrimination, stress, and the resulting physical and mental health effects. Table 4. Participants responded to each item on a five-point scale ranging from 0 (not at all typical of me) to 4 (very typical of me) as if they were in a learning role. Neurosci. We examined the convergent and discriminant validity of the CFS-R using the following criterion variables: evaluation coping and adaptive coping (as measured by the original CFS), accommodative coping, cognitive flexibility, versatility and reflective coping, goal reengagement, goal disengagement, psychological inflexibility, metacognition, depressive symptoms, and general distress. This theory states that coping flexibility is the ability to relinquish a coping strategy regarded as ineffective and devise and implement an alternative strategy; it also states that coping inflexibility is to continue engaging in a strategy regarded as ineffective, namely, the perseveration on a failed strategy. Goldberg, D. P., and Williams, P. (1988). Inhibition allows one to respond flexibly to stressors by adjusting ones behavior and emotions (e.g., selectively reducing negative information) according to a change in a situation (Joormann, 2010). doi: 10.1177/0013164497057006002, Dang, D. L., Zhang, M. X., Leong, K. K., and Wu, A. M. S. (2019). Eysenck might say this that is an indication that Elvis is: An introvert An extrovert A narcissist A neurotic type Coping refers to a variety of methods used to: Receive biofeedback Inhibit learned helplessness him m n Reduce stress Did all you could to keep others from seeing how bad things really were (A) 7. However, inhibition is similar to abandonment in that both abandonment and inhibition are associated with depressive symptoms. Med. The COPE or Brief COPE has been mostly used to measure coping, and both the Japanese version and the original version have well-established reliability and validity (Kato, 2015c, for a review). In a study of more than 500 Swiss police officers and emergency service personnel, increased physical fitness was associated with reduced stress, and regular exercise was reported to protect against stress-related health problems (Gerber, Kellman, Hartman, & Phse, 2010). Interest was further fueled by longitudinal studies showing that social connectedness reduced mortality. Int. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112739, Snyder, H. R. (2013). The coping flexibility process initiates the re-evaluation process in which individuals evaluate coping outcomes (i.e., the effectiveness of coping strategies). In our study, Cronbachs alphas for ranged from 0.46 for religion to 0.97 for behavioral disengagement (mean 0.77, SD = 0.16). Methods 18, 320334. Jennifer Walinga Learning Objectives Define coping and adaptation. In general, research has found that more affluent individuals experience better health partly because they tend to believe that they can personally control and manage their reactions to lifes stressors (Johnson & Krueger, 2006). doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2016.09.008, Kato, T. (2017a). Martin, M. M., and Rubin, R. B. Educ. The dual-process theory does not appropriately consider what type of coping strategy is used in the first moment after one encounters a stressful event; instead; it focuses on the coping strategies used after one has already engaged in a first coping strategy. In Study 2, we evaluated the convergent and discriminant validity of the CFS-R subscales by examining the associations between the CFS-R and variables that were conceptually related; we also tested the CFH by examining the associations between the CFS-R and two variables: depressive symptoms and general distress. However, as described in the Introduction section, the CFH based on the dual-process theory has been supported by studies in multiple countries, with varied ethnic groups, and with multiple types of samplessuch as adult employees (Kato, 2012; Wan Mohd Yunus et al., 2019), individuals with chronic pain (Basiska, 2015; Kato, 2015b, 2017b; Kato et al., 2019), and schizophrenia (Ritsner and Ratner, 2006), community samples (Kato, 2015d, 2016b), and high school students (Basiska, 2015). 78, 370389. Impact of psychological inflexibility on depressive symptoms and sleep difficulty in a Japanese sample. Clearly, emotion-focused coping is more effective in dealing with uncontrollable stressors. Manag. We tested the reliability and validity of the Coping Flexibility Scale-Revised (CFS-R) and the CFH using the CFS-R, which was developed to measure coping flexibility. Psychology Quizzes (Exam #3) Flashcards | Quizlet Thought of many ideas before deciding what to do (PS) 4. Psychol. Problem-focused coping strategies are similar to strategies used in everyday problem-solving: they typically involve identifying the problem, considering possible solutions, weighing the costs and benefits of these solutions, and then selecting an alternative (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). Definition Coping is efforts to prevent or diminish threat, harm, and loss, or to reduce the distress that is often associated with those experiences. Accepted sympathy and understanding from someone (SS) 6. ), and all comprised Japanese college students: 400 (280 women and 120 men), 110 (75 women and 35 men), 196 (135 women and 61 men), 194 (138 women and 56 men), 220 (148 women and 72 men), 235 (97 women and 138 men), and 144 (101 women and 43 men), respectively. Re-coping is the process of devising and implementing alternative coping strategies that differ from those relinquished in the previous process. doi: 10.1097/01.nmd.0000207361.81947.52, Schraw, G., and Dennison, R. S. (1994). (2016). In comparison, dogs who were previously allowed to escape the shocks tended to jump the partition and escape the pain (Figure 14.22). When we experience events in our lives that we appraise as stressful, it is essential that we use effective coping strategies to manage our stress. Extensive research has demonstrated that perceptions of personal control are associated with a variety of favorable outcomes, such as better physical and mental health and greater psychological well-being (Diehl & Hay, 2010). Relinquishing an ineffective strategy prevents one from continuing to use it and from experiencing repeated failures, which can lead to negative emotions (such as depression) and harm to ones health (Nummenmaa and Niemi, 2004; Sheppes et al., 2015). The beta weights at Step 3 for abandonment ( = 0.11, p = 0.041) and re-coping ( = 0.16, p = 0.003) were significant, indicating that both abandonment and re-coping incrementally contributed to reduced depressive symptoms, beyond coping repertoire. In Study 1, we provided the psychometric properties and tested the three-factor structure of the CFS-R. 30, 865878. Maladaptive behaviors are actions that prevent people from adapting, adjusting, or participating in different aspects of life. In our study, the Cronbachs alpha was 0.85. doi: 10.1177/014662167700100306, Reed, D. J. (2012) proposed the concept of reflective coping, which refers to the ability to generate strategy options and to estimate the suitability of a strategy to a given situation; based on their proposal, reflective coping is one of the two components of the coping flexibility process. These findings indicated that greater coping flexibility reduced cardiovascular reactivity to a stressful task. The Japanese version (Kato, 2012) of the FGA (15 items) was used to measure this variable. Understand the various conceptualizations of stress as stimulus, response, and transactional process. doi: 10.1037/a0027770, Kato, T. (2015a). (2018). doi: 10.5114/ain.2017.70287, Lange, F., Seer, C., and Kopp, B. 34, 211. Coping Strategy - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Taken together, the findings above suggest one of the reasons social support is connected to favorable health outcomes is because it has several beneficial physiological effects in stressful situations.
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